Model-based service placement

ABSTRACT

An example computing device is configured to receive an instance of a customer service model representative of a plurality of customer services. Each of the plurality of customer services associated with a corresponding at least one requirement and a corresponding at least one constraint. The computing device is configured to receive an instance of a resource model representative of a plurality of resources and map the instance of the customer service model and the instance of the resource model to an internal placement model. The computing device is configured to allocate the plurality of resources to the plurality of customer services such that the at least one requirement and the at least one constraint for each of the plurality of customer services are satisfied and inverse map data indicating how the plurality of resources are allocated to a format consumable by the customer device and output the inverse mapped data.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to resource allocation, such as resourceallocation within a computer network.

BACKGROUND

Networks may include a plurality of different network devices configuredto provide customer services to customers. Such customer services mayinclude virtual private network services, traffic engineering services,Voice-over-IP (VoIP) services, Video-on-Demand (VOD) services, bulktransport services, walled/open gardens, IP Mobility Subsystem (IMS) andother mobility services, firewall services, and Internet services toclients of the service provider network and route flows of packetstraveling from a source device to a destination device. To provide suchcustomer services, network devices must be provisioned to support suchservices. Manually provisioning such network devices to support suchservices in a large network is exceedingly difficult without performingsuch provisioning in an inefficient manner which increases customercosts.

SUMMARY

In general, the disclosure describes techniques to enable a computingdevice to automatically allocate resources, such as network resources,to satisfy or meet customer service requirements and associatedconstraints, and/or to assist operators with optimizing the allocationof resources. While the techniques of this disclosure are primarilydiscussed for purposes of example with respect to computer networking,the techniques may be applicable to any field having a need for resourceallocation, such as manufacturing, distribution of goods or services, orthe like.

Automated service provisioning may be useful to service providers, suchas network service providers. However, automated service provisioningmay be difficult to implement because every service provider may havewidely varying requirements, ranging from what services they want toprovide and how to implement the services on their network. As a result,service provisioning platforms are often built as one-offcustomer-specific applications with little opportunity for reuse fordifferent customers. Generalized products that apply to a wide varietyof customers and services may require intensive customization viaexpensive professional services or system integration projects.Moreover, existing service provisioning platforms have limited abilityto allocate and manage the assignment of network resources to servicesto be deployed on the network. Therefore, allocating network resourcesto customer requirements is largely a manual process.

Service providers may use any model they like for network resources andcustomer services, choosing from existing standard models, and enhancedmodels customized to fit their goals. The techniques of this disclosureinclude the use of an internal placement model within the computingdevice. The computing device may map or translate an instance of acustomer service model, an instance of a network service model, and/oran instance of a network resource model, to the internal placement modelsuch that resources and customer services, as well as associatedrequirements and constraints, represented in the customer serviceinstance, network service instance, and/or network resource instance arerepresented in the internal placement model for resource allocationpurposes. For example, one or more algorithms may receive, as input,instances of the customer service model, network service model, and/ornetwork resource model and map these instances to the internal placementmodel which is used internally by the computing device for allocation ofresources to customer service requirements. Information relating to theallocations may be input to one or more algorithms of the computingdevice to “inverse map” (e.g., translate) the placed services into aform that is consumable by a customer device (e.g., a networkcontroller), such as an instance of a network service model in use inthe network. In some examples, the instance of the network service modelmay contain information to enable the customer device to provision thecustomer services, such as all the information needed to provision thecustomer services.

Additionally, placement of customer service requirements on networkresources is difficult in the presence of constraints on how differentcombinations of customer service requirements may be satisfied. Serviceproviders resources are utilized relatively inefficiently as a result.This disclosure addresses this problem as a constraint optimizationproblem, thereby enabling automatic and/or assisted placement of servicerequirements onto resources, such as network resources, in a way thatbest satisfies the requirements, minimizes disruption, and relativelyefficiently uses the network resources. The techniques of thisdisclosure may enable service providers to provide more value to theircustomers at a lower cost, as resources may be allocated for betterutilization and to operate in a more efficient manner.

For example, a computing device may receive information indicative of aplurality of resources and receive information indicative of a pluralityof customer services, each associated with at least one requirementand/or at least one constraint. In some examples, the computing devicemay automatically allocate the plurality of resources to the customerservices such that the constraints associated with the customer servicesare satisfied. In some examples, the computing device may assist aservice provider to optimize the allocation of a plurality of resourcesof a resource pool to satisfy the constraints associated with thecustomer services.

There can be thousands of different possible allocations of resources tocustomer services, particularly where the resources are networkresources. Each customer service may have its own requirements. Thus,manual allocation can be both impractical given the number ofpermutations of possible allocations to satisfy requirements andconstraints associated with each customer service, and subject to riskof overloading one or more of the resources.

The techniques of this disclosure may provide technical advantages overcurrent systems. For example, the techniques provide an automated wayfor a computing device to allocate, or assist in allocating, resourcesto customer services that include requirements and may be associatedwith one or more constraints, while avoiding leaving requirements andconstraints unsatisfied. The techniques described herein can beincorporated into a practical application such as a computing devicethat obtains an indication of a plurality of resources and an indicationof a plurality of customer services each having one or more requirementsand/or one or more constraints and uses the indications to automaticallyallocate, or assist a service provider to allocate, the resources to thecustomer services in a manner that satisfies the constraints.

In one example, a method includes receiving, by a computing devicehaving one or more processors and from a customer device, an indicationof a plurality of resources; receiving, by the computing device and fromthe customer device, an indication of a plurality of customer services,each of the plurality of customer services being associated with acorresponding at least one requirement and a corresponding at least oneconstraint; automatically determining, by the computing device and foreach requirement and each constraint, whether the requirement or theconstraint can only be satisfied by a particular resource of theplurality of resources; allocating, by the computing device and based onthe determining, at least one resource of the plurality of resources toat least one customer service of the plurality of customer services; andproviding, by the computing device to the customer device and subsequentto the determining for every requirement and for every constraint,information to enable the customer device to provision the at least onecustomer service.

In another example, a computing device includes one or more processors;and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions storedthereon to cause the one or more processors to: receive, from a customerdevice, an indication of a plurality of resources; receive, from thecustomer device, an indication of a plurality of customer services, eachof the plurality of customer services being associated with acorresponding at least one requirement and a corresponding at least oneconstraint; automatically determine, for each requirement and eachconstraint, whether the requirement or the constraint can only besatisfied by a particular resource of the plurality of resources;allocate, based on the determining, at least one resource of theplurality of resources to at least one customer service of the pluralityof customer services; and provide, to the customer device and subsequentto the determining for every requirement and for every constraint,information to enable the customer device to provision the at least onecustomer service.

In a further example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium includesinstructions for causing at least one programmable processor to:receive, from a customer device, an indication of a plurality ofresources; receive, from the customer device, an indication of aplurality of customer services, each of the plurality of customerservices being associated with a corresponding at least one requirementand a corresponding at least one constraint; automatically determine,for each requirement and each constraint, whether the requirement or theconstraint can only be satisfied by a particular resource of theplurality of resources; allocate, based on the determining, at least oneresource of the plurality of resources to at least one customer serviceof the plurality of customer services; and provide, to the customerdevice and subsequent to the determining for every requirement and forevery constraint, information to enable the customer device to provisionthe at least one customer service.

In one example, a method includes receiving, by a computing devicehaving one or more processors and from a customer device, an instance ofa customer service model representative of a plurality of customerservices, each of the plurality of customer services associated with acorresponding at least one requirement and a corresponding at least oneconstraint; receiving, by the computing device and from the customerdevice, an instance of a resource model representative of a plurality ofresources; mapping, by the computing device, the instance of thecustomer service model and the instance of the resource model to aninternal placement model maintained by the computing device;automatically allocating, by the computing device and using the internalplacement model, the plurality of resources to the plurality of customerservices such that the allocation of the plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one requirement and the at least one constraintfor each of the plurality of customer services; generating, by thecomputing device and responsive to the allocating, data indicating howthe plurality of resources are allocated to the plurality of customerservices; inverse mapping, by the computing device, the data indicatinghow the plurality of resources are allocated to the plurality ofresources to a format consumable by the customer device; and outputting,by the computing device to the customer device, the inverse mapped dataindicating how the plurality of resources are allocated to the pluralityof customer services.

In another example, a computing device includes one or more processors;and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions storedthereon to cause the one or more processors to: receive, from a customerdevice, an instance of a customer service model representative of aplurality of customer services, each of the plurality of customerservices associated with a corresponding at least one requirement and acorresponding at least one constraint; receive, from the customerdevice, an instance of a resource model representative of a plurality ofresources; map the instance of the customer service model and theinstance of the resource model to an internal placement model maintainedby the computing device; automatically allocate, using the internalplacement model, the plurality of resources to the plurality of customerservices such that the allocation of the plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one requirement and the at least one constraintfor each of the plurality of customer services; generate, responsive tothe allocating, data indicating how the plurality of resources areallocated to the plurality of customer services; inverse map the dataindicating how the plurality of resources are allocated to the pluralityof resources to a format consumable by the customer device; and output,to the customer device, the inverse mapped data indicating how theplurality of resources are allocated to the plurality of customerservices.

In a further example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium includesinstructions for causing at least one programmable processor to:receive, from a customer device, an instance of a customer service modelrepresentative of a plurality of customer services, each of theplurality of customer services associated with a corresponding at leastone requirement and a corresponding at least one constraint; receive,from the customer device, an instance of a resource model representativeof a plurality of resources; map the instance of the customer servicemodel and the instance of the resource model to an internal placementmodel maintained by the computing device; automatically allocate, usingthe internal placement model, the plurality of resources to theplurality of customer services such that the allocation of the pluralityof resources satisfies the at least one requirement and the at least oneconstraint for each of the plurality of customer services; generate,responsive to the allocating, data indicating how the plurality ofresources are allocated to the plurality of customer services; inversemap the data indicating how the plurality of resources are allocated tothe plurality of resources to a format consumable by the customerdevice; and output, to the customer device, the inverse mapped dataindicating how the plurality of resources are allocated to the pluralityof customer services.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and fromthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example network and cloudcomputing device according to techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device thatmay determine placement of customer services on resources in accordancewith techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example mapping andinverse mapping according to the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the internal placement modelaccording to the techniques of this disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-5B are conceptual diagrams illustrating examples of a pluralityof resources and example placements of some of the plurality ofresources.

FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram depicting an example resource tree for aresource pool according to the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram depicting an Layer 3 virtual privatenetwork (L3VPN) service order instance according to the techniques ofthis disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram illustrating options of placement andplaced resources according to the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram depicting an example allocation ofresources to customer services to satisfy associated constraints.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram illustrating example placementassistance techniques according to this disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating example techniques for placingcustomer services on resources according to this disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating other example techniques for placingcustomer services on resources according to this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When attempting to manually allocate resources, such as networkresources, to satisfy requirements and constraints associated withcustomer services, a person may be faced with thousands of options foreach customer service. The choice of placement of each customer servicemay affect the placement of each succeeding customer service, asresources have already been allocated to previous customer services. Assuch, manual placement may be fraught with risks, as allocating analready-allocated resource may overload the resource and result in losttraffic. As noted above, manual allocation can be impractical given thelarge number of different combinations of potential allocations,especially in networks having large numbers of network devices. Atechnical advantage of the techniques disclosed herein over existingsystems is a computing device that can automatically determine anallocation, or assist in an allocation of resources, to satisfyrequirements and constraints associated with the customer services andavoid overloading network devices. Furthermore, the techniques of thisdisclosure may transform data from a form used by a network device, suchas a network controller, to a form usable by a computing device todetermine the allocation and then to transform data indicative of theallocation back into a format consumable by the network device.

Customer service placement may be a Service Lifecycle Management (SLM)function that allocates resources to satisfy the needs of a customerservice subject to requirements and constraints. In the context of acomputer network, these resources may include router interfaces whichhave a type (e.g., ethernet, digital subscriber line (DSL), leased line(LL), mobile, etc.), memory (for route tables for example), bandwidth,route distinguishers (which may distinguish a route from another route),route targets, addresses and prefixes, and the like. Some examples ofconstraints include: the customer equipment (CE) access interface typesmust match the allocated provider edge interface type, the customer sitemust be in the same region as the point-of-presence (POP) where the PEservicing the site is located, a pair of customer accesses must beconnected to PEs in different points of presence (e.g., for robustnessin the presence of network outages), and the like. Examples ofrequirements may include an interface type, a bandwidth, a number ofsupportable routes, and a maximum cost.

FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example network and cloudcomputing device according to techniques of this disclosure. Network 120may be a service provider network that may provide customer services tohost devices, such as host device 108, via an access network, such asaccess network 130. In order to provide such customer services networkcontroller 100 may need to provision network resources, such as provideredge routers (PEs), such as PE routers 106A-106N (hereinafter referredto as PEs 106), and, in some examples, other network devices (notshown). Customer services may be associated with certain requirements,such as an interface type, a bandwidth, a number of supportable routes,and/or a maximum cost.

Administrator 104 may interact with network controller 100 via a userinterface to manually provision PEs 106 and the other network devices toprovide such customer services. However, when network 120 includes alarge number of network devices and there are a large number of customerservices to be placed on the network devices, determining how toallocate the network resources, such as PEs 106, may be exceedinglydifficult without overburdening one or more of the network devices. Whena network device becomes overburdened, the network device may droptraffic which may result in a customer service not being provided as perthe original requirements for that customer service. This may all befurther complicated by additional constraints beyond the requirements ofthe customer service. For example, a constraint may be that a customerservice must use two different PEs (e.g., PE 106C and PE 106B forredundancy purposes in case of a failure of a primary PE). Becausemanual placement of services is so difficult when dealing with thousandsof network devices and thousands of customer services having thousandsof requirements and thousands of constraints, networks in which customerservices are manually placed are most often inefficient, resulting inhigher costs as a larger number of network resources are needed than ifthe customer services were placed on the network resources in anautomated manner or a semi-automated manner (e.g., with assistance fromanother computing device).

To place customer services, administrator 104 may, through networkcontroller 100, communicate with computing device 100 such astransmitting to computing device 100 a service instance. The serviceinstance may be a work order for computing device 100 to determineplacements of customer services on various network resources of network120. The service instance may include an instance of a customer servicemodel (a customer service instance), an instance of a network servicemodel (a network service instance) which may be indicative of alreadyallocated existing network resources to customer services, and/or, forexample when there are new network resources, an instance of a networkresource model (a network resource instance). These models may be uniqueto network controller 100 such that they may not be the same as modelsused by another network controller of another network (not shown).

Computing device 100 may be located in a cloud computing environment,such as in cloud network 110. In some examples, administrator 104 andnetwork controller 100 may communicate with computing device 102 vianetwork 120 and PE 106A. In other examples, administrator 104 andnetwork controller 100 may communicate with computing device 102 viaanother route. Computing device 102 may be configured to receive theservice instance, map or translate the customer service instance, thenetwork service instance, and/or the network resource instance into aninternal placement model used by computing device 102.

In some examples, computing device 102 may automatically place thecustomer services represented in the customer service instance onto thenetwork resources represented in the network service instance or thenetwork resource instance. In other examples, administrator 104 mayinteract with computing device 102 via network controller 100 tomanually place the customer services on the network resources. In such acase, computing device 102 may be configured to output an indication,for display to administrator 104, of any problem that may arise becauseof the manual placement. In other examples, computing device 102 mayassist administrator 104 in placing the customer services on the networkresources.

Once computing device 102 has determined placement of the customerservices represented in the customer service instance to networkresources represented in the network resource instance, computing device102 may map an updated network services instance into the networkservice model format used by network controller 100 and transmit tonetwork controller 100 the updated network service instance. Thisupdated network service instance may include information relating to howthe customer services are to be placed on the network resources. In someexamples, the network service instance includes all the informationnecessary for network controller 100 to provision the network resources,such as PEs 106, to satisfy both the requirements of the customerservices and any associated constraints. In this manner, networkcontroller 100 may provision the network resources such that a customerservice being used by host 108 satisfies any expectations of host 108.

In some examples, a maximum cost may be a requirement, such as the costof the service must be less than $400. For example, cost functions ofbandwidth can be associated with network elements such as tunnels, peerlinks, internal routes, and external routes. In examples where cost is arequirement or constraint, computing device 102 may use the costfunctions to evaluate different ways of placing customer services. Insome aspects, the cost function for a tunnel or internal route can berelated to the number of links a tunnel or internal route traverses orinversely related to the delay the tunnel or internal route incurs.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device thatmay determine placement of customer services on resources in accordancewith techniques of this disclosure. Computing device 200 may be anexample of computing device 102 of FIG. 1 . Computing device 200receives service instances from network controller 100 (FIG. 1 ) or anetwork controller of another network, and maps such service instancesinto an internal placement model of computing device 200. Computingdevice 200 places, or assists in placing, customer services associatedwith the service instance on network resources associated with a networkresource instance. Computing device 200 maps the placed customerservices into a network service instance that is consumable by networkcontroller 100 and transmits the network service instance to networkcontroller 100.

Computing device 200 may include control unit 202 coupled to networkinterface 220 to exchange packets with other network devices such asnetwork controller 100 (FIG. 1 ), by an inbound link and outbound link.Network interface 220 may be an interface which is utilized byadministrator 104 (FIG. 1 ) to communicate with computing device 200. Insome examples, network interface 220 supports three external interfacesfor placement of services. For example, a first external interface ofnetwork interface 220 may be an interface for activating placementdesigns which may map allocated placements to a customer's network andservice models. A second external interface of network interface 220 maybe a resources interface for managing the pools of resources on whichcustomer services may be placed in terms of NIs. A third externalinterface of network interface 220 may be an interface for managing theservice instances that are placed on the network resources of thenetwork resource pools. Network interface 220 may receive customerservice instance 216 and may receive and/or output network serviceinstance 218. Customer service instance 216 may be an instance of acustomer service model used by a customer to represent customer servicesand network service instance 218 may be an instance of a network servicemodel used by the customer to indicate the allocation of networkresources to customer services.

Control unit 202 may include one or more processors (not shown in FIG. 2) that execute software instructions, such as those used to define asoftware or computer program, stored to a computer-readable storagemedium, such as storage 242, which may be a non-transitorycomputer-readable mediums including a storage device (e.g., a diskdrive, or an optical drive) or a memory (such as Flash memory or randomaccess memory (RAM)) or any other type of volatile or non-volatilememory, that stores instructions to cause the one or more processors toperform the techniques described herein. Alternatively, or additionally,control unit 202 may comprise dedicated hardware, such as one or moreintegrated circuits, one or more Application Specific IntegratedCircuits (ASICs), one or more Application Specific Special Processors(ASSPs), one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), or anycombination of one or more of the foregoing examples of dedicatedhardware, for performing the techniques described herein.

Control unit 202 provides an operating environment for placement element212. Placement element 212 may include placement computation engine 214which may be configured to generate placements of customer services onnetwork resources. In some examples, placement element 212 or placementcomputation engine 214 may be implemented as one or more processesexecuting on one or more virtual machines of one or more servers. Thatis, while generally illustrated and described as executing on a singlecomputing device 200, aspects of these components may be delegated toother computing devices.

Placement computation engine 214 may include internal placement model220. Internal placement model 220 may be a model used internally tocomputing device 200 when generating placements of customer services onnetwork resources. Placement computation engine 214 may also includedesign interface 236 and web user interface 238. Design interface 236may be configured to accept commands from administrator 104, such as toactivate network and service designs, and cause placement computationengine 214 to execute on those commands. Design interface 236 may alsobe configured to interact with a file system-based design project tool244 which contains model-based designs that can be activated, created,and tested via design interface 236. For example, design interface 236may read design projects and include functionality for testing designsagainst example model instances.

Service design tool 234 may both instantiate a placement serviceinternally or connect to an external placement service. Service designtool 234 may have a terminal based user interface and may also be run ina “headless” mode via automation scripts. Service design tool 234 maysupport exercising all the placement service functions based on thedesigns and example instances contained in a design project. In someexamples, service design tool 234, may be an executable program thatadministrator 104 may use for constructing and testing designs. Forexample, administrator 104 may execute service design tool 234 to openthe project, load the designs and example network instances, and use thetool to test the design.

Administrator 104 may use service design tool 234 to open a project andtest a service design in conjunction with a network design to ensureexample service orders are placed properly and network resources areallocated as expected. Subsequent to placement design, administrator 104may add insights playbooks and active assurance monitoring artifacts tothe design project to test and monitor running instances of the service.

Administrator 104 may be responsible for activating and modifyingnetwork and service designs determined by placement computation engine214. For example, administrator 104 may upload the network design andupload the service design (e.g., an instance of a network service modeland an instance of a customer service model) with a design project as aninput, both of which may call design interface 236 to activate thedesigns in a running placement service.

Web user interface 238 may be configured to provide a web-basedinterface which may include graphical user interface components,text-based components or the like for facilitating administrator 104 tointeract with placement computation engine 214 via the Internet. In someexamples, web user interface 238 may use place interface 250 to updateservice instances under construction in work orders, to test thefeasibility of a placement, and report to administrator 104 on theremaining available options for the customer requirements or constraintsthe work orders contain.

Placement computation engine 214 may also include network resourceinterface 254, which may be configured to update network resource pools,for example, when a work order includes an instance of a networkresource model.

In some examples, computing device 200 may include order manager 248.Order manager 248 may orchestrate the construction and execution of workorders (such as service instances) to prepare for and provide networkservices. Work orders may flow through a control graph of work itemsthat computing device 200 may process with the work order which mayinclude receiving input from and providing output to storage 242. Insome examples, computing device 200 may include a workflow managerinterface on Argo that supports starting and monitoring the execution ofworkflows.

In some examples, computing device 200 is a cloud computing device andplacement element 212 is a stateful component running in a highlyavailable cloud environment. As such, in some examples, computing device200 may include health check interface 222 configured to check thehealth of a placement element and to facilitate selecting a leader asthe cloud environment may manage scaling by creating placement elementreplicas and deleting unhealthy placement elements.

Placement element 212 may satisfy other observability requirements as aclient of the Trace, Metrics, and Logs services available in the clouddeployment environment. In some examples, placement is a CloudMicroservice software development kit (SDK) application and as suchimplements its Trace, Metrics, Logs, Configuration and other servicesvia the SDK's framework.

The designer may add service design elements to the design project,including CSMs, NSMs, transformation templates, and service orderexamples for testing purposes. For placement service design inparticular, the designer may add the selectors and transformers requiredto adapt placement to the NMs, CSM, and NSM being used.

In some examples, placement computation engine 214 includes anartificial intelligence (AI) algorithm 252 which may be trained togenerate efficient placements of customer services on network resources.For example, AI algorithm 252 may receive evaluation criteria (forexample, from network controller 100 of FIG. 1 ) and automaticallypropose ways to place services to optimize the evaluation criteria. Forexample, it may not be possible to satisfy all customer requirements andconstraints, but it may be acceptable to satisfy most of them. AIalgorithm 252 may determine placement of services to optimize theevaluation criteria. In another example, it may be necessary to movesome services around to free resources for new services that have morespecific requirements, at some risk of disruption to the services beingmoved. AI algorithm 252 may determine movements of services that mayminimize disruption. In some examples, AI algorithm 252 may be aconstraint-based branch and bound optimization algorithm. AI algorithm252 may be trained on expensive to compute, good test examples so as toincrease and/or speed up performance on new placement requests.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example mapping andinverse mapping according to the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 3may represent example classes used for mapping and inverse mapping.Network controller 300 may be an example of network controller 100 ofFIG. 1 . Network controller 300 may include customer service model 304,network resource model 306, and network service model 308. Customerservice model 304 may be a representation of customer services used bythe customer running network controller 300. Customer service model 304may include customer service model elements 310 which may includeobjects representative of requirements and/or constraints for customerservices. Network resource model 306 may be a representation of networkresources of the network which network controller 300 may be managing.Network resource model 306 may include network resource model elements312 which may include objects representative of available resources inthe network of the customer. Network service model 308 may be arepresentation of already placed customer services on network resources.Administrator 104 (FIG. 1 ) may transmit instances of customer servicemodel 304, and a resource model representative of resources, such asnetwork service model 308, and/or network resource model 306, tocomputing device 302 for computing device 302 to place customer servicesassociated with customer service model 304 on network resourcesassociated with network resource model 306 or network services model 308in view of requirements and constraints associated with the customerservices.

Computing device 302 may map instances of customer service model 304,network resource model 306, and/or network service model 308 intointernal placement model 320. Internal placement model 320 may be anexample of internal placement model 220 of FIG. 2 . Customer servicemodel 304, network resource model 306, and network service model 308 maybe customized models used by the customer operating network controller300. Internal placement model 320 may include customer service model 314and network resource model 316 that may be represented differently thancustomer service model 304 and network service model 306 of networkcontroller 300. For example, customer service model 314 may identify acustomer 318 (e.g., the customer operating network controller 300) forwhich service instance 322 of service model 326 is running. Customerservice model 314 may include customer elements 324 which may haverequirements 330. These requirements 330 may also include or beassociated with constraints 328 that may need to be satisfied in orderto provide the desired customer services.

Network resource model 316 may include resources 332 of resource pool334. Each of resources 332 may be used or may be free. When computingdevice 302 places one of resources 332 to satisfy a requirement ofrequirements 330 or a constraint of constraints 328, the resource may besaid to be used. Unused resources may be said to be free. Some resourcesof network resource model 316 may be network elements 336, such asrouters, switches, interfaces, or the like.

For example, customer elements may represent service objectsrepresentative of a plurality of customer services. In some examples,each customer service of the plurality of customer services isassociated with at least one requirement and at least one constraint. Insome examples, requirements 330 may include an interface type, abandwidth, a number of routes, or a maximum cost. In some examples,constraints 328 may include a same point of presence, different pointsof presence, a same network device, or different network devices. Insome examples, the plurality of network resources may include aninterface having an interface type, a link, a bandwidth associated withthe link, a route, a region, a point of presence, a route distinguisher,a route target, an address, a prefix, or a network device.

In some examples, computing device 302 may automatically allocate, usinginternal placement model 402, the plurality of resources 332 to theplurality of customer services such that the allocation of the pluralityof resources satisfies the at least one requirement (of requirements330) and the at least one constraint (of constraints 328) of each of theplurality of customer services. Computing device 302 may then generatedata indicating the allocation of the plurality of resources 332 to theplurality of customer services and inverse map the data indicating theallocation to a format consumable by network controller 300 and transmitthe inverse mapped data to network controller 300. For example,computing device 302 may inverse map the data indicating the allocationinto a network service model instance containing information indicatingthe allocation. Computing device 302 may output the inverse mapped datato customer device 400. In this manner, customer device 400 may receiveinformation enabling customer device 400 to provision the plurality ofcustomer services on the resources of the network 120 (FIG. 1 ).

In some examples, rather than allocating the plurality of resources tosatisfy all of the constraints of the plurality of customer services,computing device 302 may automatically determine, for each requirement(e.g., of requirements 330) and for each constraint (e.g., ofconstraints 328), whether the requirement or constraint can only besatisfied by a particular resource of the plurality of resources 332.For example, a requirement for a customer service may be that a link is50 GB and there may be only one 50 GB link with all the other linksbeing less than 50 GB. Thus, the particular requirement of a 50 GB linkmay only be satisfied by the one 50 GB link. Computing device 302 mayallocate, in response to the determination, at least one of theplurality of resources 332 to at least one customer service of theplurality of customer services based on the determination. For example,computing device 302 may allocate the 50 GB link to the customer servicehaving the 50 GB link constraint. Computing device 302 may provide tocustomer device 400, subsequent to the determination for everyrequirement of requirements 330 and for every constraint of constraints328, information to enable customer device 400 to provision the at leastone customer service (e.g., the customer service having the 50 GBrestriction).

By mapping a customer service instance, a network service instance,and/or a network resource instance into the internal placement model,computing device 200 may be able to determine the placement of customerservices on network resources for any network, not just network 120. Bymapping a resulting placement back into a network service instance thatis consumable by network controller 100, network controller 100 may haveall information necessary to provision the network resources of network120 (FIG. 1 ). Thus, the techniques of this disclosure provide apractical application of technology through the transformation of datareceived by computing device 200.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the internal placement model320 according to the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 4 may representexample classes of internal placement model 320. Dashed lines mayrepresent mappings which network device 302 (FIG. 3 ) may perform. Forexample, computing device 302 may receive a service order 400 from acustomer. Service order 400 may include a network service instance 402and a customer service instance 404. In some examples, service order 400may include a network resource instance which may include arepresentation of network resources 406. Computing device 302 may useservice order 400 and any prior knowledge of network resources 406 tomap the customer services and network resources into the internalplacement model 320. For example, network device 302 may map elements ofservice order 400 into requirement options JQ 424 and constraints JQ 426(both described hereinafter). Network device 406 may map elements ofnetwork resources 406 to resource pool JQ 414 (described hereinafter).

Elements of internal placement model 320 may include service definition412 which may be used to represent a definition of a service, resourcepool JQ 414 which may be used to manage a resource pool, such asresource pool 438, for example using a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)query (JQ) language. JSON is a standard text-based format forrepresenting structured data based on JavaScript object syntax. Forexample, a JQ may be a general-purpose transformer for JSON documentssimilar to XPATH and XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet LanguageTransformations) for XML (extensible markup language). While examplesset forth in this disclosure may refer to the use of JQ language, anyprogramming language may be used according to the techniques of thisdisclosure, such as Python, C++, Go, or other suitable programminglanguage.

Internal placement model 320 may also include customer 416 which mayidentify the customer who submitted service order 400, and networkelement 418 which may represent or identify various network elements ofnetwork resources 406.

Service definition 412 may interact with place JQ 420. Place JQ 420 mayaccept as an input an object with a “order” attribute containing theservice order with the input instance and a “place” attribute containinga list of requirements as described above updated with option lists andplacement results in the same form as input option restrictions andmanual placement. A place JQ may output an update to the JSON documentin the “order” attribute to reflect the options updates resulting frompropagation of constraints and placement allocations if the service wasplaced.

There can be more than one place JQ. The “order” input of a subsequentplace JQ may be the output of the preceding place JQ.

Service definition 412 may also interact with service model 422 whichmay be an example of customer service model 314 of FIG. 3 , andrequirements options JQ 424 which identifies the requirements in aservice instance and what options there are for placing the requirementson network resources of resource pool 438, for example. Constraints JQ426 identifies constraints, such as constraints 430, which must besatisfied based on combinations of requirements. Service instance 428which may represent an instance of a customer service.

Service instance 428 may be an instance of service order 400 and beassociated with constraints 430 and customer elements 432. Constraint428 may be associated with requirements 434. Requirements 434 may beassociated with resource 436 which may be a resource represented inresource pool 438. Resource pool 438 may include used and freeresources. When computing device 302 places a service on resource 436,the resource 436 may be updated in internal placement model 320 toindicate that resource 436 is used.

By representing customer service models and network service models ininternal placement model 320, computing device 302 may generateplacements of customer services on network resources for many differentcustomers, even though the many different customers may be usingdifferent customer service models and/or network resource models withintheir own network devices.

In some examples, basic constraints, such as constraints 430, must alsobe satisfied by a valid placement. One such constraint may include thatthe interface must be on a node in the same location as the customersite. Another such constraint may be that the bandwidth needed for theaccess must be allocated from the node where the access was placed.Another such constraint may be that the number of routes for the sitemust be allocated from the node where the access is placed. Further,virtual private networks (VPNs) may also have diversity constraints forrobustness in case of failure, which may require that two or moreaccesses be placed on different nodes.

Example service placement use cases are now discussed. Design managementmay include the following aspects: network design and service design.Network design may be the process of specifying how to select thenetwork resource pools from input network service instance 402. Servicedesign may be the process of specifying how to select the requirements,valid network options, and constraints from input customer serviceinstance 404. Service design may also be the process of specifying howto determine the manually provided placement restrictions from inputnetwork service instance 402. Service design may also be the process ofspecifying how to update network service instance 402 and customerservice instance 404 with the result of validating/narrowing options andautomatically placing a service.

In some examples, network resource pools, such as network resource pool438, may be shared among all the services for which they are relevant.In this manner, service design activation often does not require anychanges to the network design. In case a service design depends on anetwork resource not in the current network design, the network designmay be updated as part of the service design activation.

There are several other non-placement aspects to service activation,such as activating associated workflows. Placement 410 is used forpre-provisioning and service provisioning workflows. Pre-provisioning isthe process of discovering and preparing new network resources tosupport services. Placement 410 may determine the network design on thenew or updated network to maintain the resource pools available forallocation to services. Service provisioning may include composing aservice order and collecting the customer requirements in CSI 404 forservice order 400.

In the service order composition process, placement 410 may be called,any time an order is in a consistent state, to semantically validate theorder and provide the valid options to consider for all requirements.For example, at any time in the order composition process, web userinterface 238 of FIG. 2 may send the service order for an update of theinstance the service order contains. Placement 410 may update theinstance by propagating the constraints and allocating any resourcesthat are requested as manual placements by administrator 104.Propagating constraints may include determining the remaining set ofoptions for a requirement.

The options can be narrowed down via administrator 104 input, forexample administrator 104 may request that an access be placed on apoint of presence in New York City even though the service design wouldallow placement on a point of presence in New York City and Connecticut.A manual placement is a very specific narrowing of the options,indicating the exact PE interface on which an access is to be placed.

Propagating constraints can determine option reductions triggered byadministrator 104 inputs such as manual placement decisions. Forexample, if administrator 104 manually places on access in a PE NYC1 andhas another access requirement with a point of presence diversityconstraint, all options involving PE NYC1 can be removed from the secondaccess.

Another way constraint propagation can reduce options is as the serviceorder gets more elaborate. As requirements and constraints are added tothe service order, the set of options for earlier specified requirementscan be eliminated. Another way constraint propagation can reduce optionsis due to concurrently processed orders allocating resources which maymake certain options no longer available.

Order composition may be an interactive process with placement 410helping to narrow down the available options that populate pick listsfor manual placement and/or indicating that the requirements are notsatisfiable so the operator can consult with the customer or order morenetwork resources to compose an order that satisfies all constraints.

Placement 410 has a role at execution time. The service provisioningworkflow starts by executing the placement of a service order toautomatically complete the service placement if the service placementwas not fully manually placed and allocating resources before updatingthe order with network service instance 402 needed for subsequent stepsin the workflow including transformation and application to devices.

Model based placement designs may be specified in terms of filterprograms that, informed by a model, transform model instances to aninternal placement model and vice versa. For example, computing device302 (FIG. 3 ) may transform input instances to placement elements suchas resource pools, requirements, constraints, and relationships betweenthese elements. Placed instances may be in turn transformed back intoupdated instances of the models in use.

Placement 410 may define schema for placement elements and selectors forthe three selector types defined SDs. For example, a JQ filter maytransform network resources to index by their network element identity(point of presence/PE/interface type), location, and type.

A network design may consist of a model and a set of network resourcepool JQ 414 filters. The resource pool JQ 414 filters identify thenetwork resource pools in the instances of the network model on whichthe resource pool JQ 414 filters are run.

An example network model may include a set of points of presence withlocations containing PEs with bandwidth and route resources. Each PE maybe composed of a set of interfaces categorized by the type of servicethey can provide (leased line, DSL, etc).

For example, resource pool JQ 414 may take an instance of the networkmodel in use and output paths in the network element “forest” leading toresource pools. There can be any number of resource pool JQs developedto construct different parts of the resource pool forest. In otherexamples, rather than a network element forest, which may effectivelyinclude a hierarchical database with one index, internal placement model320 may be organized in another fashion, such as including one or morerelational databased, graph databases, or the like.

Following is the model for the output of resource pool JQ 414. Aresource pool includes a network element path. The network element pathmay be a sequence of name:type pairs, each type being an attribute ofthe network element at the end of the path and the name being the valueof that attribute. The paths serve to organize and index the networkelements into a hierarchical database supporting queries for validrequirement options.

A service design may include requirements, options, constraints, andplace JQ filters. If the requirement is manually placed in the instance,the requirement JQ may indicate this with a pool path in the networkelement forest. In the case of a named or numbered resource, thespecific name or number of the resource may be indicated in a namedrequirement or a numbered requirement, respectively

Placement JQs work in the opposite direction compared to requirementoptions and constraint JQs: they take as input the placement elementsfor a placed service and update network service instance 402 and/orcustomer service instance 404 in service order 400 with the result ofthe placement update.

FIGS. 5A-5B are conceptual diagrams illustrating examples of a pluralityof resources and example placements of some of the plurality ofresources. FIGS. 5A and 5B may represent example objects (or instancesof classes) classes used for placement. As shown in FIG. 5A, resourcesmay include a region, such as Northwest (NW 500). Resources may alsoinclude a location, such as New York City in the Northeast (NYC NE 502),Boston in the Northeast (BOS NE 504), and Los Angeles in the Southwest(LAX SW 506). The locations may include points of presence, such as NYC1508, NYC2 510, BOS1 512, LAX1 514, and LAX2 516. Each point of presencemay include a number of routes and a bandwidth. For example, NYC1 508has 1 million routes and 40 GB of bandwidth. Each point of presence mayhave a pool of associated interface types. For example, NYC1 508 mayhave ethernet type interface pool (ETH 518), and NYC2 510 may havedigital subscriber line type interface pool (DSL 520) and leased linetype interface pool (LL 522). Similarly, BOS1 512 may have ETH 524, DSL526, and LL 528. Each interface type pool may include interfaces of thattype. For example, ETH 518 may have ethernet interfaces GE-GE-0/0/1,etc. as shown in box 530, DLS 520 may have DSL interfaces shown in box532, LL 522 may have leased line interfaces shown in box 534, ETH 524may have ethernet interfaces shown in box 536, DSL 526 may have DSLinterfaces shown in box 538, and LL 528 may have leased line interfacesshown in box 540.

In some examples, resource allocation or placement may be based, atleast in part, on satisfying requirements of a given customer service.For example, as shown in FIG. 5B, a first service may have a specificinterface represented by interface 542 that may be satisfied whencomputing device 302 makes a placement of the customer service on theresources of FIG. 5A. In this example, the interface may be interface532. Thus, when placing this example customer service, computing device302 may identify interface 532 as a DSL interface. As interface 532 isof interface type DSL 520, in point of presence NYC2 510 in New YorkCity, in the Northeast, computing device 302 may place the customerservice as illustrated by the dashed line in FIG. 5A and as summarizedin FIG. 5B by the dashed boxes (e.g., interface 542, NE 544, NYC 546,NYC2 510, and interface 532).

In another example, a customer service may have a particular number ofsupportable routes that is a requirement, for example, as represented byroutes 548. When placing this example customer service, computing device302 may identify a resource having at least the required number ofsupportable routes to place the service. If the number of routes is 10million, computing device 302 may place the customer service as shown bythe dotted lines in FIG. 5A. For example, computing device 302 may placethe service from the Northwest region (NW 500), to the Boston location,BOS 504, to BOS1 512 point of presence. This example is also shown inFIG. 5B with the matching dotted lines (e.g., routes 548, NE 544, BOS550, BOS1 512, and 10M routes 552).

In another example, a customer service may have a bandwidth requirement,for example 40 GB. In this example, computing device 302 may place thecustomer service on the resources of FIG. 5A to satisfy the bandwidthrequirement. For example, computing device 302 may determine that LAX1has a free 40 GB of bandwidth and place the service as indicated in thealternating dashed/dotted lines in FIG. 5A. This example is alsorepresented by the similar lined boxes in FIG. 5B (bandwidth 554, SW556, LAX 558, LAX1 514, and 560).

In these examples, of FIGS. 5A-5B, each example involved the placementof a single customer service with a single requirement (interface,routes, or bandwidth). As the number of requirements for each customerservice grows, additional constraints are placed on the customerservices, a higher number of customer services is added, more resourcesare added, and placement of customer services on such resources startsto use up the resources, determining how best to allocate the resourcesto the customer services becomes much more complicated.

Resource pool JQs may trace paths in the input instance and constructname:type paths of network elements leading to resource pools in theplacement element model.

FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram depicting an example resource tree for aresource pool according to the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 6 mayrepresent example objects (or instances of classes) used for placement.Resource tree 600 includes three types of resources: interfaces,bandwidth, and routes. Each of the interfaces, bandwidths and routes ofresource tree 600 may include a location, such as Northeast (NE) orSouthwest (SW). The interfaces may also have an associated interfacetype, such as ethernet, LL or DSL. Each of the interfaces, bandwidths,and routes may have an associated point of presence, such as New YorkCity (N), Boston (B), or Los Angeles (L). Each of the interfaces,bandwidths, and routes may have an associated point of presence such asNYC1 (N1), NYC2 (N2), BOS1 (B1), LAX1 (L1), and LAX2 (L2). In thisexample, the interfaces, bandwidths, and numbers of routes are shown inthe associated points of presence as free. This means none of theseresources has been allocated by placing a customer service on theresource.

Running all the resource pool JQs, such as resource pool JQ 414 of FIG.4 , allows placement 410 to construct a “forest” of network elementswith each path in the forest leading to resource pools which placement410 allocates to requirements in service instances, like this.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram depicting a Layer 3 virtual privatenetwork (L3VPN) service order instance according to the techniques ofthis disclosure. FIG. 7 may represent example classes used with aservice order instance. For example, a customer (ACME 5) may place L3VPNservice order instance for an L3VPN service 700 by transmitting theservice order instance to computing device 302. Computing device 302 maymap the service order instance into internal placement model 320. Forexample, computing device 302 may determine L3VPN service 700 is one ofVPN services 702 and is for customer ACME 5 704. Computing device 302may determine that there are sites 706 involved in this L3VPN serviceorder instance.

Each of these sites may have route requirements. For example, arequirement for a number of supportable head office routes 708 may beone thousand routes and a requirement for a number of supportableresearch and design (R&D) routes 710 may be two-hundred-fifty routes.Head office routes 708 may include location requirements 712 (such asbeing in NE 720) and access requirements 714, such as 1 GB of bandwidthfor a primary placement and 1 MB of bandwidth for a backup placement.R&D routes 710 may include access 716 and location requirements 718. Forexample, location requirement 718 may be of SW 722 and accessrequirement 716 may be 5 MB of bandwidth.

Computing device 302 may base the placement of the L3VPN customerservice on the various requirements and constraints of the L3VPN serviceorder instance. For example, computing device 302 may determine to placethe primary head office routes at a location of NE 720 with a bearerbeing leased line, a bandwidth of 1 GB and a placement at E1-1 asindicated in box 724. Computing device 302 may determine to place thebackup head office routes at a location of NE 720, with a bearer of DSL,a bandwidth of 1 MB and a placement at A-2 as shown in box 726.Computing device 302 may also determine to place the R&D routes at alocation of SW 722 with a bearer being ethernet, bandwidth of 5 MB andplacement at ET-3 as shown in box 728. This is a fairly simple examplewith two offices, a few requirements, and two constraints. A real-lifeexample may be extremely complicated. While the example of FIG. 7 isdirected to an L3VPN, in some examples, a service order instance may bea Layer 2 virtual private network (L2VPN), or any network service.

FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram illustrating options of placement andplaced resources according to the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 8may represent example objects (or instances of classes) used forplacement. In the example of FIG. 8 , the previously unallocatedresources of the example of FIG. 7 are shown. The customer services fromthe examples of FIG. 7 are also shown. For example, customer service802, for the home office (HO), may have a constraint that two points ofpresence be used and have requirements that one point of presence have 1GB of bandwidth and 1K routes and the other point of presence have 1 MBof bandwidth and 1K routes. Customer service 804, for the R&D facility,may have a constraint that the same PE be used and have requirements of5M of bandwidth and 250 routes.

Computing device 302 may determine which of the options for allocationare optimal and allocate such options. Each of the dotted linesrepresents a potential allocation that was not made and each of thesolid lines represents an allocation that is made. Computing device 302may update the free and used statistics associated with each of theallocated resources to reflect the new allocations. In the example, ofFIG. 8 , the F represents “free” and U represents “used.”

FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram depicting an example allocation ofresources to customer services to satisfy associated constraints. In theexample of FIG. 10 , at least one customer service has a constraint 900that the resource used for the customer service be on a same PE. The atleast one customer service has a constraint 902 that the resources usedfor the customer service be on different PEs. The at least one customerservice has a requirement for two ethernet interfaces, requirement 904and requirement 906 and a DSL interface, requirement 908.

PE1 910 may have a single DSL interface and a single ethernet interfaceavailable. As such, to satisfy requirement 904, requirement 906, andconstraint 900, the ethernet resources (two ethernet interfaces on asame PE), the resources of PE2 912 must be allocated to requirement 904and requirement 906, which include one DSL interface and three ethernetinterfaces.

To satisfy constraint 902, that requirement 908 be placed on a differentPE than requirement 906, the DSL interface of PE1 must be allocated torequirement 908. Again, this is a simple example with two constraintsand three requirements. Allocating network resources in real worldexamples of networks with thousands of resources, thousands of customerservices having thousands of constraints and thousands of requirementsbecomes incredibly unwieldy.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram illustrating example placementassistance techniques according to this disclosure. FIG. 10 mayrepresent example objects (or instances of classes) used for placement.In the example of FIG. 10 , customer service 1000 and customer service1002 are shown. Two allocations, (examples are shown in bold lines),must be made in order to satisfy the constraints associated with thecustomer services. Each of the dotted lines shown underoptions/placement are options and need not be applied in order tosatisfy the constraints. In other words, if an allocation, such as theones represented by the bold lines, were not made, constraintsassociated with customer service 1002 could not be satisfied. Forexample, to satisfy the remaining constraints (once the bold linedplacements are made) associated with customer services, there may bemultiple options. In other words, each of the remaining constraints maybe satisfied by more than one resource.

For example, to satisfy the requirements of customer service 1002 thatcustomer C1 have their interfaces on different PEs, each of theinterface requirements of a bandwidth of 7, 6 and 4, must be placed on adifferent PE of N1, N2, and N3. As shown, CE N1 has 1 free interface,while CE N2 and CE B1 both have two free interfaces. Therefore, the freeinterface of CE N1 must be allocated to one of the interfacerequirements of customer service 1002 to meet the associated constraint.As shown, the interface of CE N1 is allocated to the requirement ofC1/S0/A0. In other examples, the interface of CE N1 may be allocated torequirement C1/S0/A1 or C1/S1/A0.

In contrast, the requirements and constraint of customer service 1000,do not necessitate any specific resource allocation. The requirements ofC0/S0/A0 and C0/S0/A1 are constrained to be on different points ofpresence. As point of presence N includes free interfaces on both PE N1and PE N2 and point of presence B includes free interfaces on PE B1, therequirements and constraint of customer service 1000 may be met throughallocation of resources of PE N1 or PE N2, and allocation of resourcesof PE B1.

In some examples, computing device 302 may use a score and determine aplacement of the plurality of customer services on the plurality ofnetwork resources that maximizes score. Computing device 302 may thenoutput an option of the placement having the maximum score for displayto administrator 104 via a display associated with network controller300. Administrator 104 may opt to select such a configuration or opt notto select the displayed configuration.

In some examples, computing device 302 may facilitate administrator 104to set priorities for some customer services over other customerservices. For example, an administrator could indicate to computingdevice 302 that a particular service is most important or more importantthan another particular customer service.

In some examples, computing device 302 may use deductive rules to see ifrequirements or constraints can be met. In some examples, computingdevice 302 may use artificial intelligence or interlinear programming.In some examples, computing device 302 may use branch and boundtechniques. For example, computing device 302 may determine an initialbound and then check another. In some examples, computing device 302 mayoperate as a constraint optimizer.

In some examples, in an assisted mode, computing device 302 may indicatethat changes in the placement of other customer services are required inorder to fulfil the requirements of a customer service that is currentlybeing placed. In some examples, computing device 302 may supports twocriteria to automatically choose between multiple placement options. Forexample, computing device 302 may prefer placement that minimizesdisruption when modifying a customer service, such as not changing theplacement of existing customer services unless such changes arenecessary to accommodate any changed constraints. In another example,when allocating resources computing device 302 may prefer balancedallocation across a plurality of resource pools or alternatively usingup a first resource pool before starting to allocate from a secondresource pool (e.g., similar to multi-protocol label switching (MPLS)least-fill and most-fill criteria).

In some examples, there may be at least one constraint or at least onerequirement associated with a new customer service that cannot besatisfied. In such cases, administrator 104 may ask a customer if it isacceptable to the customer to relax the at least one requirement or theat least one constraint. If that is acceptable to the customer,administrator 104 may, via network controller 300 and/or computingdevice 302, change the at least one requirement or the at least oneconstraint associated with the new customer service. If that is notacceptable to the customer, administrator 104 may use computing device302 to re-allocate the plurality of resources such that the at least onerequirement or the at least one constraint associated with the newcustomer service is met. Alternatively, administrator 104 may assign,via computing device 302, a priority to each of the plurality ofcustomer services and re-allocating the plurality of resources based onthe assigned priority of each of the plurality of customer services. Asanother alternative, administrator 104 may re-allocate, via computingdevice 302, at least a portion of the plurality of resources based on apredetermined criterion.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating operations of example techniques forplacing customer services on resources according to this disclosure.Computing device 302 may receive, from a customer device, an instance ofa customer service model representative of a plurality of customerservices, each of the plurality of customer services associated with acorresponding at least one requirement and a corresponding at least oneconstraint (1102). For example, computing device 302 may receive, fromnetwork controller 300, service order 400 which may include customerservice instance 404 (both of FIG. 4 ).

Computing device 302 may receive, from the customer device, an instanceof a resource model representative of a plurality of resources (1104).For example, computing device 302 may receive, from network controller300, service order 400 which may include network service instance 402 ornetwork resources 505.

Computing device 302 may map the instance of the customer service modeland the instance of the resource model to an internal placement modelmaintained by the computing device (1106). For example, computing device302 may map the instance of the customer service model and networkservice instance 402 and/or network resources to internal placementmodel 320.

Computing device 302 may automatically allocate, using the internalplacement model, the plurality of customer services to the plurality ofresources such that the allocation of the plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one requirement and the at least one constraintfor each of the plurality of customer services (1108). For example,computing device 302 may automatically allocate, using internalplacement model 320, the plurality of resources to the plurality ofcustomer services such that the allocation of the plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one requirement and the at least one constraintfor each of the plurality of customer services.

Computing device 302 may generate, responsive to the allocating, dataindicating how the plurality of resources are allocated to the pluralityof customer services (1110). For example, computing device 302 maygenerate, data indicating the allocation of the plurality of resourcesto the plurality of customer services.

Computing device 302 may inverse map the data indicating how theplurality of resources are allocated to the plurality of customerservices to a format consumable by the customer device (1112). Forexample, computing device 302 may map the data indicating the allocationinto network service model instance 402 thereby updating network servicemodel instance 402. In the case where service order 400 did not includenetwork service model instance 402, computing device 302 may createnetwork service model instance 402 including the data indicating theallocation.

Computing device 302 may output, to the customer device, the inversemapped data indicating how the plurality of resources are allocated tothe plurality of customer services (1114). For example, computing device302 may output, to network controller 300, an updated network servicemodel 412 containing inverse mapped data indicating how the plurality ofresources are allocated to the plurality of customer services.

In some examples, the customer device is a first customer device, theinstance of the customer service model is an instance of a firstcustomer service model, the instance of the resource model is aninstance of a first resource model, the plurality of customer servicesis a first plurality of customer services, and the plurality ofresources is a first plurality of resources. In such examples, computingdevice 302 may receive, from a second customer device (e.g., a differentnetwork controller), an instance of a second customer service modelrepresentative of a second plurality of customer services, the secondplurality of customer services, each of the second plurality of customerservices associated with a corresponding at least one requirement and acorresponding at least one constraint, the second customer service modelbeing different than the first customer service model. In such examples,computing device 302 may receive, from the second customer device, aninstance of a second resource, the second resource model being differentthan the first resource model. In such examples, computing device 302may map the instance of the second customer service model and theinstance of the second resource model to the internal placement model.In such examples, computing device 302 may automatically allocate, usingthe internal placement model, the second plurality of resources to thesecond plurality of customer services such that the allocation of thesecond plurality of resources satisfies the at least one requirement andthe at least one constraint for each of the second plurality of customerservices. In such examples, computing device 302 may generate,responsive to the allocating the second plurality of resources to thesecond plurality of customer services, data indicating how the secondplurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality of customerservices. In such examples, computing device 302 may inverse map thedata indicating how the second plurality of resources are allocated tothe second plurality of resources to a format consumable by the secondcustomer device. In such examples, computing device 302 may output, tothe second customer device, the inverse mapped data indicating how theplurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality of customerservices.

In some examples, the resource model comprises at least one of a networkservice model (e.g., network service model 308 of FIG. 3 )representative of existing placed customer services on the plurality ofresources or a network resource model (e.g., network resource model 306of FIG. 3 ) representative of the plurality of resources, wherein theplurality of resources comprise a plurality of network resources. Insome examples, the at least one requirement comprises a requirementselected from a group consisting of an interface type, a bandwidth, anumber of routes, and a maximum cost. In some examples, the at least oneconstraint comprises a constraint selected from a group consisting of asame point of presence, different points of presence, a same networkdevice, and different network devices. In some examples, the pluralityof resources comprises at least one of a resource selected from a groupconsisting of an interface having an interface type, a link, a bandwidthassociated with the link, a route, a region, a point of presence, aroute distinguisher, a route target, an address, a prefix, and a networkdevice.

In some examples, computing device 302 receives a service order instance(e.g., service order 400), the service order instance comprising theinstance of the customer service model (e.g., customer service instance404) and the instance of the resource model.

In some examples, the service order instance comprises a network serviceorder instance. In some examples, the service order instance comprisesan L2VPN service order instance or a L3 VPN service order instance.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating other example techniques for placingcustomer services on resources according to this disclosure. Computingdevice 302 may receive, from a customer device, an indication of aplurality of resources (1202). For example, computing device 302 mayreceive, from network controller 300, an instance of network resourcemodel 306 or network service instance 402, either of which may includethe indication of a plurality of resources.

Computing device 302 may receive, from the customer device, anindication of a plurality of customer services, each of the plurality ofcustomer services being associated with a corresponding at least onerequirement and a corresponding at least one constraint (1204). Forexample, computing device 302 may receive, from network controller 300,customer service instance 404, which may include an indication of theplurality of customer resources.

Computing device 302 may automatically determine, for each requirementand each constraint, whether the requirement or the constraint can onlybe satisfied by a particular resource of the plurality of resources(1206). For example, computing device may compare free resources to eachrequirement and each constraint to determine whether a particularrequirement or a particular constraint can only be satisfied by aparticular resource.

Computing device 302 may allocate, based on the determining, at leastone of the plurality of resources to at least one customer service ofthe plurality of customer services (1208). For example, if a particularresource must be allocated such that a particular requirement or aparticular constraint is satisfied, computing device 302 may allocatethat particular resource to satisfy the particular requirement or theparticular constraint.

Computing device 302 may provide, to the customer device and subsequentto the determining for every requirement and for every constraint,information to enable the customer device to provision the at least onecustomer service (1210). For example, computing device 302 may provideto network controller 300 network service instance 402 includinginformation to enable network controller 300 to provision the at leastone customer service.

In some examples, the allocating the at least one of the plurality ofresources comprises allocating to satisfy each requirement or eachconstraint that can only be satisfied by a respective particularresource. In some examples, computing device 302, subsequent to theallocating, determines a plurality of options for allocating at least aportion of remaining resources of the plurality of resources, theremaining resources not yet being allocated, to satisfy remainingrequirements and remaining constraints, the remaining requirements andthe remaining constraints not yet being satisfied. In some examples,computing device 302 outputs, for display, a representation of the atleast one of the plurality of resources, each requirement or eachconstraint that can only be satisfied by the respective particularresource, and the plurality of options.

In some examples, computing device 302 receives, from a user, anindication of user input indicative of a selected one of the pluralityof options. In some examples, computing device 302 allocates, inresponse to receiving the indication of the user input, the at least aportion of the remaining resources to a remaining portion of thecustomer services, based on the selected one of the plurality ofoptions. In some examples, computing device 302 provides, to thecustomer device, information to enable the customer device to provisionthe remaining portion of the customer services.

In some examples, computing device 302 receives, from the customerdevice, a customer model comprising a new customer service. In someexamples, computing device 302 determines that a remaining portion ofthe plurality of resources cannot satisfy at least one requirement or atleast one constraint associated with the new customer service, theremaining resources not yet being allocated. In some examples, computingdevice 302 outputs, for display, an indication that the remainingportion of the plurality of resources cannot satisfy the at least onerequirement or the at least one constraint associated with the newcustomer service.

In some examples, computing device 302 changes the at least onerequirement or the at least one constraint associated with the newcustomer service, re-allocates the plurality of resources such that theat least one requirement or the at least one constraint associated withthe new customer service is met, assigns a priority to each of theplurality of customer services and re-allocating the plurality ofresources based on the assigned priority of each of the plurality ofcustomer services, or re-allocates the at least a portion of theplurality of resources based on a predetermined criterion.

In some examples, the at least one requirement includes a requirementselected from a group consisting of an interface type, a bandwidth, anumber of routes, and a maximum cost. In some examples, the at least oneconstraint includes a constraint selected from a group consisting of asame point of presence, different points of presence, a same networkdevice, and different network devices.

In some examples, the indication of a plurality of resources comprisesan instance of a resource model. In some examples, computing device 302maps the instance of the customer service model and the instance of theresource model, to an internal placement model maintained by thecomputing device. In some examples, computing device 302 inverse mapsthe allocated at least one resource of the plurality of resources to theat least one customer service of the plurality of customer services fromthe internal placement model to a format consumable by the customerdevice.

The techniques described in this disclosure may be implemented, at leastin part, in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. Forexample, various aspects of the described techniques may be implementedwithin one or more processors, including one or more microprocessors,digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or any otherequivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry, as well as anycombinations of such components. The term “processor” or “processingcircuitry” may generally refer to any of the foregoing logic circuitry,alone or in combination with other logic circuitry, or any otherequivalent circuitry. A control unit comprising hardware may alsoperform one or more of the techniques of this disclosure.

Such hardware, software, and firmware may be implemented within the samedevice or within separate devices to support the various operations andfunctions described in this disclosure. In addition, any of thedescribed units, modules or components may be implemented together orseparately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. Depiction ofdifferent features as modules or units is intended to highlightdifferent functional aspects and does not necessarily imply that suchmodules or units must be realized by separate hardware or softwarecomponents. Rather, functionality associated with one or more modules orunits may be performed by separate hardware or software components orintegrated within common or separate hardware or software components.

The techniques described in this disclosure may also be embodied orencoded in a computer-readable medium, such as a computer-readablestorage medium, containing instructions. Instructions embedded orencoded in a computer-readable medium may cause a programmableprocessor, or other processor, to perform the method, e.g., when theinstructions are executed. Computer-readable media may includenon-transitory computer-readable storage media and transientcommunication media. Computer readable storage media, which is tangibleand non-transitory, may include random access memory (RAM), read onlymemory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), erasableprogrammable read only memory (EPROM), electronically erasableprogrammable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, a hard disk, aCD-ROM, a floppy disk, a cassette, magnetic media, optical media, orother computer-readable storage media. The term “computer-readablestorage media” refers to physical storage media, and not signals,carrier waves, or other transient media.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples arewithin the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a computingdevice having one or more processors and from a first customer device,an instance of a first customer service model representative of a firstplurality of customer services, each of the first plurality of customerservices associated with a corresponding at least one first requirementand a corresponding at least one first constraint; receiving, by thecomputing device and from the first customer device, an instance of afirst resource model representative of a first plurality of resources;mapping, by the computing device, the instance of the first customerservice model and the instance of the first resource model to aninternal placement model maintained by the computing device;automatically allocating, by the computing device and using the internalplacement model, the first plurality of resources to the first pluralityof customer services such that the allocation of the first plurality ofresources satisfies the at least one first requirement and the at leastone first constraint for each of the first plurality of customerservices; generating, by the computing device and responsive to theallocating, data indicating how the first plurality of resources areallocated to the first plurality of customer services; inverse mapping,by the computing device, the data indicating how the first plurality ofresources are allocated to the first plurality of customer services to aformat consumable by the first customer device; outputting, by thecomputing device to the first customer device, the inverse mapped dataindicating how the first plurality of resources are allocated to thefirst plurality of customer services; receiving, by the computing deviceand from a second customer device, an instance of a second customerservice model representative of a second plurality of customer services,each of the second plurality of customer services associated with acorresponding at least one second requirement and a corresponding atleast one second constraint, the second customer service model beingdifferent than the first customer service model; receiving, by thecomputing device and from the second customer device, an instance of asecond resource model representative of a second plurality of resources,the second resource model being different than the first resource model;mapping, by the computing device, the instance of the second customerservice model and the second resource model to the internal placementmodel; automatically allocating, by the computing device and using theinternal placement model, the second plurality of resources to thesecond plurality of customer services such that the allocation of thesecond plurality of resources satisfies the at least one secondrequirement and the at least one second constraint for each of thesecond plurality of customer services; generating, by the computingdevice and responsive to the allocating the second plurality of customerservices to the second plurality of resources, data indicating how thesecond plurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality ofcustomer services; inverse mapping, by the computing device, the dataindicating how the second plurality of resources are allocated to thesecond plurality of customer services to a format consumable by thesecond customer device; and outputting, by the computing device to thesecond customer device, the inverse mapped data indicating how thesecond plurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality ofcustomer services.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first resourcemodel comprises at least one of a network service model representativeof existing placed customer services on the first plurality of resourcesor a network resource model representative of the first plurality ofresources, wherein the first plurality of resources comprise a pluralityof network resources.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least onefirst requirement comprises a requirement selected from a groupconsisting of an interface type, a bandwidth, a number of routes, and amaximum cost.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one firstconstraint comprises a constraint selected from a group consisting of asame point of presence, different points of presence, a same networkdevice, and different network devices.
 5. The method of claim 2, whereinthe first plurality of resources comprises at least one of a resourceselected from a group consisting of an interface having an interfacetype, a link, a bandwidth associated with the link, a route, a region, apoint of presence, a route distinguisher, a route target, an address, aprefix, and a network device.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: receiving a service order instance, the service orderinstance comprising the instance of the first customer service model andthe instance of the first resource model.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the service order instance comprises a network service orderinstance.
 8. A computing device comprising: one or more processors; anda computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon to causethe one or more processors to: receive, from a first customer device, aninstance of a first customer service model representative of a firstplurality of customer services, each of the first plurality of customerservices associated with a corresponding at least one first requirementand a corresponding at least one first constraint; receive, from thefirst customer device, an instance of a first resource modelrepresentative of a first plurality of resources; map the instance ofthe first customer service model and the instance of the first resourcemodel to an internal placement model maintained by the computing device;automatically allocate, using the internal placement model, the firstplurality of resources to the first plurality of customer services suchthat the allocation of the first plurality of resources satisfies the atleast one first requirement and the at least one first constraint foreach of the first plurality of customer services; generate, responsiveto the allocating, data indicating how the first plurality of resourcesare allocated to the first plurality of customer services; inverse mapthe data indicating how the first plurality of resources are allocatedto the first plurality of customer services to a format consumable bythe first customer device; output, to the first customer device, theinverse mapped data indicating how the first plurality of resources areallocated to the first plurality of customer services; receive, from asecond customer device, an instance of a second customer service modelrepresentative of a second plurality of customer services, each of thesecond plurality of customer services associated with a corresponding atleast one second requirement and a corresponding at least one secondconstraint, the second customer service model being different than thefirst customer service model; receive, from the second customer device,an instance of a second resource model representative of a secondplurality of resources, the second resource model being different thanthe first resource model; map the instance of the second customerservice model and the second resource model to the internal placementmodel; automatically allocate, using the internal placement model, thesecond plurality of resources to the second plurality of customerservices such that the allocation of the second plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one second requirement and the at least onesecond constraint for each of the second plurality of customer services;generate, responsive to the allocating the second plurality of customerservices to the second plurality of resources, data indicating how thesecond plurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality ofcustomer services; inverse map the data indicating how the secondplurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality of customerservices to a format consumable by the second customer device; andoutput, to the second customer device, the inverse mapped dataindicating how the second plurality of resources are allocated to thesecond plurality of customer services.
 9. The computing device of claim8, wherein the first resource model comprises at least one of a networkservice model representative of existing placed customer services on thefirst plurality of resources or a network resource model representativeof the first plurality of resources, wherein the first plurality ofresources comprise a plurality of network resources.
 10. The computingdevice of claim 9, wherein the at least one first requirement comprisesa requirement selected from a group consisting of an interface type, abandwidth, a number of routes, and a maximum cost.
 11. The computingdevice of claim 9, wherein the at least one first constraint comprises aconstraint selected from a group consisting of a same point of presence,different points of presence, a same network device, and differentnetwork devices.
 12. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the firstplurality of resources comprises at least one of a resource selectedfrom a group consisting of an interface having an interface type, alink, a bandwidth associated with the link, a route, a region, a pointof presence, a route distinguisher, a route target, an address, aprefix, and a network device.
 13. The computing device of claim 8,wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to:receive a service order instance, the service order instance comprisingthe instance of the first customer service model and the instance of thefirst resource model.
 14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein theservice order instance comprises a network service order instance. 15.Non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions forcausing at least one programmable processor to: receive, from a firstcustomer device, an instance of a first customer service modelrepresentative of a first plurality of customer services, each of thefirst plurality of customer services associated with a corresponding atleast one first requirement and a corresponding at least one firstconstraint; receive, from the first customer device, an instance of afirst resource model representative of a first plurality of resources;map the instance of the first customer service model and the instance ofthe first resource model to an internal placement model; automaticallyallocate, using the internal placement model, the first plurality ofresources to the first plurality of customer services such that theallocation of the first plurality of resources satisfies the at leastone first requirement and the at least one first constraint for each ofthe first plurality of customer services; generate, responsive to theallocating, data indicating how the first plurality of resources areallocated to the first plurality of customer services; inverse map thedata indicating how the first plurality of resources are allocated tothe first plurality of customer services to a format consumable by thefirst customer device; output, to the first customer device, the inversemapped data indicating how the first plurality of resources areallocated to the first plurality of customer services; receive, from asecond customer device, an instance of a second customer service modelrepresentative of a second plurality of customer services, each of thesecond plurality of customer services associated with a corresponding atleast one second requirement and a corresponding at least one secondconstraint, the second customer service model being different than thefirst customer service model; receive, from the second customer device,an instance of a second resource model representative of a secondplurality of resources, the second resource model being different thanthe first resource model; map the instance of the second customerservice model and the second resource model to the internal placementmodel; automatically allocate, using the internal placement model, thesecond plurality of resources to the second plurality of customerservices such that the allocation of the second plurality of resourcessatisfies the at least one second requirement and the at least onesecond constraint for each of the second plurality of customer services;generate, responsive to the allocating the second plurality of customerservices to the second plurality of resources, data indicating how thesecond plurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality ofcustomer services; inverse map the data indicating how the secondplurality of resources are allocated to the second plurality of customerservices to a format consumable by the second customer device; andoutput, to the second customer device, the inverse mapped dataindicating how the second plurality of resources are allocated to thesecond plurality of customer services.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the first resource modelcomprises at least one of a network service model representative ofexisting placed customer services on the first plurality of resources ora network resource model representative of the first plurality ofresources, wherein the first plurality of resources comprise a pluralityof network resources.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable media ofclaim 16, wherein the at least one first requirement comprises arequirement selected from a group consisting of an interface type, abandwidth, a number of routes, and a maximum cost.
 18. Thenon-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16, wherein the at leastone first constraint comprises a constraint selected from a groupconsisting of a same point of presence, different points of presence, asame network device, and different network devices.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16, wherein the firstplurality of resources comprises at least one of a resource selectedfrom a group consisting of an interface having an interface type, alink, a bandwidth associated with the link, a route, a region, a pointof presence, a route distinguisher, a route target, an address, aprefix, and a network device.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readablemedia of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the at leastone programmable processor to: receive a service order instance, theservice order instance comprising the instance of the first customerservice model and the instance of the first resource model.